> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.marinade.finance/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.marinade.finance/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/stake-auction-market/sam-resources.md).

# SAM Resources

{% hint style="info" %}
**TL;DR:** One-stop reference page. Dashboards, repositories, audits, key contract addresses, the parameters at a glance for production config, and the glossary of SAM terms.
{% endhint %}

## Overview

A single landing page for the tools, dashboards, repositories, and reference data validators and stakers use to interact with the Stake Auction Marketplace. Bookmark this page for quick navigation.

## Dashboards

Web interfaces for monitoring SAM and validator activity.

* [**PSR (Protected Staking Rewards) dashboard**](https://psr.marinade.finance/)**:** Real-time view of validator bond status, eligibility, simulated auction positioning, and protected events. Refreshes every few hours.
* [**Marinade validator dashboard**](https://app.marinade.finance/network/validators/)**:** Per-validator view of Marinade-delegated stake, bond status, and historical performance.
* [**Marinade stats**](https://stats.marinade.finance/)**:** Aggregate protocol statistics across SAM, Native, Liquid, and Select.

## CLI and SDKs

Tools for programmatic interaction with the validator bonds program and Marinade APIs.

* [**Validator bonds CLI (npm)**](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@marinade.finance/validator-bonds-cli)**:** Primary tool for creating, funding, configuring, and managing bonds. Supports Ledger hardware wallets.
* [**Validator bonds CLI (GitHub)**](https://github.com/marinade-finance/validator-bonds/tree/main/packages/validator-bonds-cli#validator-bonds-cli)**:** Full command reference and source.
* [**Validator bonds CLI Institutional**](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@marinade.finance/validator-bonds-cli-institutional)**:** Streamlined CLI for institutional users using token-based bond ownership.
* [**Marinade TS/JS SDK**](https://docs.marinade.finance/developers/marinade-ts-js-sdk)**:** TypeScript SDK for integrating with Marinade programmatically.
* [**Marinade Rust SDK**](https://docs.marinade.finance/developers/marinade-rust-sdk)**:** Rust SDK for integrating with Marinade programmatically.

## Repositories

Source code for the SAM pipeline and supporting infrastructure.

* [**validator-bonds**](https://github.com/marinade-finance/validator-bonds)**:** Monorepository for the on-chain bonds program, CLI, SDK, and supporting tools.
* [**ds-sam**](https://github.com/marinade-finance/ds-sam)**:** PSR and SAM scoring logic.
* [**ds-sam-pipeline**](https://github.com/marinade-finance/ds-sam-pipeline)**:** Pipeline orchestration for PSR and SAM scoring runs. Each epoch's auction inputs and outputs are committed under `auctions/<epoch>/`.
* [**psr-dashboard**](https://github.com/marinade-finance/psr-dashboard)**:** Source for the PSR dashboard.

## APIs

Data endpoints for monitoring and integration.

* [**Delegation Strategy API**](https://validators-api.marinade.finance/docs)**:** Public API for validator metadata, geolocation, scoring, and SAM-relevant performance data.
* [**Snapshots API**](https://snapshots-api.marinade.finance/docs)**:** Per-epoch snapshots of stake, MNDE Enhanced Stake support, and validator state.
* [**Marinade Stats API**](https://api.marinade.finance/docs)**:** Aggregate protocol statistics.
* [**Bonds API**](https://github.com/marinade-finance/validator-bonds#bonds-api)**:** Current state of bond accounts. Updated once per hour.

## Data Sources

Raw data published per epoch.

* [**ds-sam-pipeline auctions folder**](https://github.com/marinade-finance/ds-sam-pipeline/tree/main/auctions)**:** Per-epoch auction inputs (`inputs/`) and outputs. Includes the blacklist CSV, validator metadata, and final stake allocations.
* [**Google Cloud Storage bucket**](https://console.cloud.google.com/storage/browser/marinade-validator-bonds-mainnet/)**:** Settlement data, PSR reports, and historical pipeline outputs. Public access (Google login required).
* [**Discord #psr-feed channel**](https://discord.gg/marinade)**:** Per-epoch PSR results, validators with bond charges, and other operational notifications.

### Technical Reference

Addresses, identifiers, and operational parameters.

* **Validator Bonds program address:** `vBoNdEvzMrSai7is21XgVYik65mqtaKXuSdMBJ1xkW4`
* **Marinade Validator Bonds config account:** `vbMaRfmTCg92HWGzmd53APkMNpPnGVGZTUHwUJQkXAU`
* **Bonds Select config address:** `VbinSTyUEC8JXtzFteC4ruKSfs6dkQUUcY6wB1oJyjE`
* **Validator Bonds Stake Account Withdrawer authority:** `8CsAFqTh75jtiYGjTXxCUbWEurQcupNknuYTiaZPhzz3`
* **Native Staking Select Staker authority:** `STNi1NHDUi6Hvibvonawgze8fM83PFLeJhuGMEXyGps`
* **Geolocation provider:** ipwhois. Validator data center identification refreshed every 24 hours.
* **Pipeline scoring cadence:** Once per epoch. Stake rebalancing actions are dispatched at epoch boundary.
* **Solana epoch duration:** Approximately 2 days.

### Audits

Third-party security reviews.

* [**Validator bonds program audit (Neodyme)**](https://github.com/marinade-finance/validator-bonds/blob/main/resources/audit/v2.1.0-neodyme-audit-validator-bonds.pdf)**:** Audit report for the on-chain bonds program.
* [**Marinade audits index**](https://docs.marinade.finance/marinade-protocol/security/audits)**:** Full list of security audits across Marinade products.

### Parameters at a Glance

Operational parameters governing SAM auction mechanics, bond requirements, eligibility, and notifications. Values reflect production configuration at the time of writing.

{% hint style="info" %}
**Source of truth:** Live values are maintained in the following sources. If the values below appear stale, check the source files directly.

* **Auction parameters:** [`ds-sam-pipeline/auction-config.json`](https://github.com/marinade-finance/ds-sam-pipeline/blob/main/auction-config.json)
* **Bond program parameters:** [`vbMaRfmTCg92HWGzmd53APkMNpPnGVGZTUHwUJQkXAU`](https://solscan.io/account/vbMaRfmTCg92HWGzmd53APkMNpPnGVGZTUHwUJQkXAU) (on-chain config account)
* **Pipeline scoring logic:** [`ds-sam`](https://github.com/marinade-finance/ds-sam) repository
  {% endhint %}

#### **Auction and Decentralization**

<table><thead><tr><th>Parameter</th><th width="143">Value</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Per-validator TVL cap</td><td>15%</td><td>Maximum portion of Marinade TVL any single validator can hold. Introduced in <a href="https://forum.marinade.finance/t/mip-19-improving-sam-auction-stake-priority-bond-risk-reduction-mechanism-higher-validator-caps/1969">MIP-19</a>, live from epoch 946. See Stake Distribution.</td></tr><tr><td>ASO concentration cap</td><td>30%</td><td>Maximum portion of Solana's total network stake that can be allocated to validators in a single ASO.</td></tr><tr><td>Country concentration cap</td><td>40%</td><td>Maximum portion of Solana's total network stake that can be allocated to validators in a single country.</td></tr><tr><td>Rebalance baseline</td><td>~1% per epoch</td><td>Approximate share of Marinade's total TVL rebalanced under normal conditions. Configurable in the pipeline; subject to adjustment.</td></tr><tr><td>Effective inflation commission limit</td><td>7%</td><td>Maximum effective commission to Marinade stakers before eligibility is lost. See Eligibility Criteria.</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### **Stake Matching**

<table><thead><tr><th>Parameter</th><th width="198">Value</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>unprotectedDelegatedStakeDec</code></td><td>0.1 (10%)</td><td>Match rate on non-SFDP external stake.</td></tr><tr><td><code>unprotectedFoundationStakeDec</code></td><td>0.3 (30%)</td><td>Match rate on SFDP / Solana Foundation stake.</td></tr><tr><td><code>minUnprotectedStakeToDelegateSol</code></td><td>1,000 SOL</td><td>Minimum calculated match. Matches below this collapse to zero.</td></tr><tr><td>Per-validator matching cap</td><td>0.4% of Marinade TVL</td><td>Maximum matched stake per validator. Separate from the 15% per-validator direct SAM cap. See Stake Matching.</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### **maxStakeWanted**

<table><thead><tr><th width="176">Parameter</th><th width="124">Value</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>minMaxStakeWanted</code></td><td>10,000 SOL</td><td>Floor on the effective cap. Setting <code>maxStakeWanted</code> below this has no effect. See <code>maxStakeWanted</code> Parameter.</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### **Bid Reduction Penalty**

<table><thead><tr><th width="210">Parameter</th><th width="102">Value</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>historyEpochs</code></td><td>3</td><td>Lookback window in epochs used to compute the historical floor.</td></tr><tr><td><code>permittedBidDeviation</code></td><td>0.01 (1%)</td><td>Buffer below the floor in which bid reductions do not incur a penalty. See Bid Reduction Penalty.</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### **Bond Risk Reduction Mechanism**

<table><thead><tr><th width="231">Parameter</th><th width="204">Value</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>minBondEpochs</code></td><td>4 future epochs</td><td>Minimum bond coverage required to avoid the fee (5 epochs total including the current epoch).</td></tr><tr><td><code>idealBondEpochs</code></td><td>12 future epochs</td><td>Target bond coverage to remain eligible for new stake (13 epochs total).</td></tr><tr><td><code>bondObligationSafetyMult</code></td><td>1.1</td><td>Safety multiplier (10% margin) applied to all bond obligation calculations.</td></tr><tr><td><code>minBondBalanceSol</code></td><td>7 SOL</td><td>Minimum bond balance before complete undelegation occurs.</td></tr><tr><td><code>bondRiskFeeMult</code></td><td>Governance-adjustable</td><td>Multiplier on the fee calculation. Subject to change by governance. See Bond Risk Reduction Mechanism.</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### **Bonds Settlements**

<table><thead><tr><th width="224">Parameter</th><th width="106">Value</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>epochsToClaimSettlement</code></td><td>3 epochs</td><td>Claim window for validators to dispute or claim a settlement before it finalizes.</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### **Bond Notifications**

<table><thead><tr><th width="214">Parameter</th><th width="214">Value</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Underfunding critical threshold</td><td>&#x3C; 2 epochs of coverage</td><td>Triggers a <strong>critical</strong> alert.</td></tr><tr><td>Underfunding warning threshold</td><td>&#x3C; 10 epochs of coverage</td><td>Triggers a <strong>warning</strong> alert.</td></tr><tr><td>Minimum deficit to notify</td><td>0.5 SOL</td><td>Deficits below this threshold do not trigger a notification.</td></tr><tr><td>Re-alert cadence</td><td>Max once per 24 hours</td><td>Notifications for persistent conditions only refire if the condition changes significantly. See Bond Notifications.</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### **Eligibility and Blacklist**

<table><thead><tr><th width="197">Parameter</th><th width="256">Value</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Uptime threshold</td><td>80% of expected blocks produced</td><td>Validators below this threshold lose eligibility.</td></tr><tr><td>MEV sandwich attack threshold</td><td>30% of blocks produced</td><td>Validators above this threshold are blacklisted. See Blacklist Policy.</td></tr><tr><td>Bond minimum (for downtime)</td><td>1 SOL per 10,000 SOL of stake</td><td>Covers one epoch of PSR-style downtime.</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### **Timing and Cadence**

<table><thead><tr><th width="231">Parameter</th><th width="152">Value</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Solana epoch duration</td><td>~2 days</td><td>Native time unit on Solana. All SAM mechanisms operate on per-epoch cycles.</td></tr><tr><td>ASO data refresh cadence</td><td>24 hours</td><td>Geolocation data is refreshed daily via the ipwhois provider.</td></tr><tr><td>Bonds API update cadence</td><td>1 hour</td><td>The Bonds API refreshes once per hour. Use the CLI for real-time bond state.</td></tr><tr><td>PSR dashboard refresh</td><td>Every few hours</td><td>Web dashboards refresh on a delay. Always cross-check with the CLI for real-time values.</td></tr><tr><td>Pipeline scoring cadence</td><td>Once per epoch</td><td>Stake rebalancing actions are dispatched at the epoch boundary.</td></tr></tbody></table>

### Glossary

Definitions for terms used across SAM documentation. Includes acronyms, units, code-name synonyms, and shorthand. Alphabetical.

#### **Units at a Glance**

A quick reference for the unit conventions used across the CLI, dashboards, and configuration files. Mixing these up is the most common cause of misconfiguration.

| Concept                                                                                 | Unit                           | Example                                                |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------ |
| Bond balance and settlement amounts                                                     | SOL                            | 25 SOL                                                 |
| Lamports (Solana base unit)                                                             | 1 SOL = 1,000,000,000 lamports | 25 SOL = 25,000,000,000 lamports                       |
| CPMPE (`--cpmpe`)                                                                       | lamports                       | 100,000,000 lamports = 0.1 SOL per 1,000 SOL per epoch |
| `--max-stake-wanted`                                                                    | lamports                       | 25,000 SOL = 25,000,000,000,000 lamports               |
| Dynamic commission (`--inflation-commission`, `--mev-commission`, `--block-commission`) | basis points (bps)             | 10,000 bps = 100%                                      |
| PMPE and CPMPE display on dashboards                                                    | SOL per 1,000 SOL per epoch    | 0.1                                                    |

#### **Terms**

* **Activating stake:** Stake that Marinade has just delegated to a validator in the current epoch but is not yet earning rewards. Appears as activating in one epoch's snapshot, then transitions to active in the next. Triggers the [Activating Stake Fee](/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/stake-auction-market/activating-stake-fee.md).
* **Active stake (Marinade):** The portion of a validator's total stake that originated from Marinade and is currently earning rewards (not activating or deactivating). Bids in SAM are charged against active Marinade stake each epoch.
* **`auctionEffectiveBidPmpe`:** Source-code name for the Effective Bid. Used in auction outputs and pipeline data. See also `effBid`.
* **ASO (Autonomous System Organization):** The data center or hosting provider a validator runs on, identified by ASN. Marinade enforces a 30% cap on ASO concentration in [Stake Distribution](/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/stake-auction-market/stake-distribution-and-decentralization.md). ASO data is refreshed every 24 hours via the ipwhois geolocation provider.
* **Activating Stake Fee:** One-time fee charged when new stake activates on a validator. Scaled by how far the validator bid above the auction clearing rate. See [Activating Stake Fee](/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/stake-auction-market/activating-stake-fee.md).
* **Bid Reduction Penalty:** Penalty charged when a validator lowers their static bid (`bidPmpe`) after winning stake. Internal name `bidTooLowPenalty`. See [Bid Reduction Penalty](/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/stake-auction-market/bid-reduction-penalty.md).
* **bidPmpe:** The validator's configured static bid in PMPE form. The CLI accepts this value in lamports as `--cpmpe`.
* **Bond:** On-chain account collateralizing a validator's participation in SAM. Funded in SOL. Covers obligations like PSR settlements, auction bid costs, and downtime protection. Managed via the [validator bonds CLI](https://github.com/marinade-finance/validator-bonds/tree/main/packages/validator-bonds-cli).
* **`bondGoodForNEpochs`:** Field exposed in SAM auction output indicating how many epochs of revenue the validator's bond can cover. Shifted so that zero marks the fee threshold for the [Bond Risk Reduction Mechanism](/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/stake-auction-market/bond-risk-reduction-mechanism.md): positive means headroom, negative means a fee is due this epoch.
* **`bondObligationPmpe`:** Total per-1,000-SOL-per-epoch obligation a validator must pay from their bond. Includes static bid, block rewards, and inflation/MEV commission difference.
* **`bondObligationSafetyMult`:** Multiplier (1.1 in production) applied to all bond obligation calculations as a 10% safety margin before comparison against the actual bond balance.
* **Bond Risk Reduction Mechanism:** Mechanism that undelegates stake and charges a fee from the bond when bond coverage falls below the minimum threshold. See [Bond Risk Reduction Mechanism](/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/stake-auction-market/bond-risk-reduction-mechanism.md).
* **bps (basis points):** Unit for dynamic commission parameters. 10,000 bps = 100%. A value of 0 bps = 0%. See [Dynamic Bids](/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/stake-auction-market/dynamic-bids.md).
* **Claimable bond:** The portion of a validator's bond not committed to pending withdrawals. Only the claimable portion counts toward bond coverage calculations.
* **CPMPE (cost per 1,000 SOL of delegated stake per epoch):** A fixed lamport cost a validator commits to pay per 1,000 SOL of delegated stake, per epoch. Set in the CLI as `--cpmpe`. The static portion of a SAM bid.
* **Dynamic commission:** Commission parameters set in the validator bonds CLI (`--inflation-commission`, `--mev-commission`, `--block-commission`) in basis points. Determines how rewards are split between the validator and stakers. See [Dynamic Bids](/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/stake-auction-market/dynamic-bids.md).
* **`effBid` / Effective Bid:** The realized yield for an epoch, in lamports per 1,000 SOL, set by the auction's last-price model. Typically lower than the validator's configured bid. Source-code name `auctionEffectiveBidPmpe`. See [Bonds Settlements](/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/stake-auction-market/bonds-settlements.md).
* **`effParticipatingBidPmpe`:** The minimum bid required to remain in the winning set this epoch. Calculated from the auction-winning total pmpe minus the validator's post-commission on-chain rewards (`max(0, winningTotalPmpe - onchainDistributedPmpe)`). Does not depend on the validator's own static bid. Used as the floor in the [Bid Reduction Penalty](/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/stake-auction-market/bid-reduction-penalty.md) calculation.
* **`expectedMaxEffBidPmpe`:** The maximum Effective Bid expected for a validator. Used by the [Bond Risk Reduction Mechanism](/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/stake-auction-market/bond-risk-reduction-mechanism.md) to size required bond coverage. Can never exceed the validator's own bid.
* **External stake:** Stake delegated to a validator that did not originate from Marinade and does not come from the validator's own self-stake (retail, SFDP, other LSTs, etc.). See [Stake Matching](/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/stake-auction-market/stake-matching.md).
* **`idealBondEpochs`:** Source-config parameter (12 in production) for the target bond coverage in future epochs. Combined with the current epoch this represents the recommended 13-epoch operational target.
* **Lamports:** Base unit of SOL. 1 SOL = 1,000,000,000 lamports. CLI flags such as `--cpmpe` and `--max-stake-wanted` take values in lamports.
* **Last-price auction:** The auction model used by SAM. Validators are ranked by `max_yield` and stake is allocated top-down. The Effective Bid for the epoch is set to the `max_yield` of the last validator on the winning list, and all winners are charged at that lower rate.
* **`max_yield`:** The maximum yield a validator offers to stakers at a given stake level. Combines the validator's commission and any bid placed through SAM. Used as the ranking metric in the auction. Source-code synonym: `totalPmpe`.
* **`maxStakeWanted`:** Per-validator cap on incoming Marinade stake, configured via the bonds CLI in lamports. Subject to a 10,000 SOL minimum floor (`minMaxStakeWanted`). See [`maxStakeWanted` Parameter](/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/stake-auction-market/maxstakewanted-parameter.md).
* **MEV (Maximal Extractable Value):** Value extractable through transaction ordering, inclusion, or exclusion within blocks. One of three reward categories (inflation, MEV, block rewards) configurable in dynamic commission.
* **MIP (Marinade Improvement Proposal):** Governance proposals for protocol changes. Discussed and ratified on the [Marinade Forum](https://forum.marinade.finance/). Notable: [MIP-19](https://forum.marinade.finance/t/mip-19-improving-sam-auction-stake-priority-bond-risk-reduction-mechanism-higher-validator-caps/1969) introduced the 15% per-validator cap and the Bond Risk Reduction Mechanism.
* **`minBondEpochs`:** Source-config parameter (4 in production) for the minimum bond coverage in future epochs. Combined with the current epoch this represents the 5-epoch fee threshold.
* **`minMaxStakeWanted`:** Source-config parameter (10,000 SOL in production) setting the floor on the per-validator cap parameter. See [`maxStakeWanted` Parameter](/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/stake-auction-market/maxstakewanted-parameter.md).
* **`onchainDistributedPmpe`:** The on-chain distributed PMPE for an epoch, used in Bond Risk Reduction Mechanism calculations.
* **On-chain commission:** The validator's commission settings recorded directly on the Solana blockchain (separate from Marinade's bond-level commission). Acts as a floor: dynamic commission can share more with stakers than the on-chain commission implies, but cannot share less.
* **Overstaked:** A validator whose SAM target (the stake they would win in this epoch's auction) is lower than their current SAM active stake. The excess is redelegated to other validators.
* **PMPE (per 1,000 SOL per epoch):** Unit for yield and bid measurements. Smaller values when expressed in lamports; larger values when expressed in SOL.
* **PSR (Protected Staking Rewards):** Marinade's framework for protecting staker rewards via validator-funded bonds. The bond covers obligations like downtime, sandwich attacks, and other PSR-triggering events. See [PSR documentation](https://docs.marinade.finance/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/protected-staking-rewards).
* **realized\_yield:** The yield actually delivered to stakers each epoch, equal to the Effective Bid (or `auctionEffectiveBidPmpe`). All validators on the winning list deliver this rate, regardless of their configured `max_yield`.
* **SAM (Stake Auction Marketplace):** Marinade's auction-based delegation system. Validators bid for Marinade stake; the auction allocates stake based on `max_yield` rankings subject to eligibility and decentralization constraints.
* **SFDP (Solana Foundation Delegation Program):** Solana Foundation program that delegates stake to qualifying validators. Counts as external stake for [Stake Matching](/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/stake-auction-market/stake-matching.md). PSR bond counts toward the SFDP self-stake requirement.
* **Slashable bond:** The portion of a validator's bond exposed to penalties from PSR-triggering events (downtime, sandwich attacks). Required for direct SAM stake. Not required for matched stake.
* **Solana epoch:** The native time unit on Solana, approximately 2 days in duration. All SAM mechanisms operate on per-epoch cycles.
* **Static bid:** The CPMPE component of a validator's auction bid. Fixed cost per 1,000 SOL of stake per epoch. Configured in lamports via `--cpmpe`.
* **`totalPmpe`:** Source-code name for `max_yield`. Used in auction outputs and pipeline data.
* **Unprotected stake:** Source-code term for matched stake. The two refer to the same thing: stake matched by Marinade as additional delegation without slashable bond coverage. Field name `unprotectedStakeSol`. See Stake Matching.
* **`unprotectedDelegatedStakeDec` / `unprotectedFoundationStakeDec`:** Configuration parameters for [Stake Matching](/marinade-protocol/protocol-overview/stake-auction-market/stake-matching.md). 0.1 (10%) and 0.3 (30%) respectively in production. Set the match rate on non-SFDP and SFDP stake.

### Useful Reads

Background and educational content for SAM participants.

* [**Marinade blog: Dynamic Commission introduction**](https://marinade.finance/blog/more-control-better-yields-introducing-dynamic-commission-for-validators)**:** Background on how dynamic commission bidding was rolled out.
* [**Marinade blog: PSR and Delegation Strategy updates**](https://marinade.finance/blog/psr-and-delegation-strategy-updates/)**:** Original PSR launch context and delegation strategy reasoning.
* [**Solana Foundation Delegation Program (SFDP) self-stake criteria**](https://solana.org/delegation-criteria#self-stake)**:** SFDP requirements that PSR bond contributes toward.


---

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